Positive incentives summaries

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Location	Target group	Goal of incentive scheme	Positive incentive scheme	Details of positive incentive schemes	Results	Reference
Boston, USA	Employees	Shift from car to public transport	1. Free public transport pass	Participants received free public transportation tickets and had to agree to commute to MIT by public transportation for 2–3 days in a given week in September.	30% of MIT participants switched to public transportation after the intervention. Those who switched to public transportation were more predisposed to switching, were more cost-conscious, and had more favourable perceptions and attitudes towards public transportation. Those who did not switch became happier with their cars.	Abou-Zeid, M., & Ben-Akiva, M. (2012). Travel mode switching: comparison of findings from two public transportation experiments. Transport Policy, 24, 48-59.
Wellington, New Zealand	Employees	Shift from single car use to carpooling	1. Rewards 2. Personalised information	Let’s Carpool: part of a wider workplace travel plan; ride-matching software to facilitate finding a carpool match for the commute to and from work, providing information about financial, social and environmental benefits of carpooling, weekly prize draws e.g. supermarket and film vouchers.	The percentage of commuters enrolled in the scheme who carpooled as their main mode of transport for getting to work increased significantly (from 12% to 27%), while the percentage of commuters indicating they drove alone decreased significantly. The frequency of driving alone also decreased significantly.	Abrahamse, W., & Keall, M. (2012). Effectiveness of a web-based intervention to encourage carpooling to work : A case study of Wellington , New Zealand. Transport Policy, 21, 45–51.
Sydney, Australia	Car users	Shift from car use to group travel by public transport	j	Family Funday Sunday ticket scheme: group travel discounts on PT	The results show no significant changes to travel behaviour, controlling for the impacts of potentially confounding factors. These findings suggest that the strict conditions for the travel party composition required by the Family Funday Sunday ticket limits its target population to a minor segment. Offering a discounted group travel ticket to all groups could provide public transport with the needed economic comparative advantage to compete with the car for group travel and may be required for changes to travel behaviour at an aggregate level to be observed. The paper suggests further investigations to provide evidence supporting the extension of public transport fare discounts to group travel on weekdays during off-peak hours.	Baker, S., & White, P. (2010). Impacts of free concessionary travel: Case study of an English rural region. Transport Policy, 17(1), 20-26.
Frankfurt, Munich, Halle, Germany	Car users	Shift from car use to public transport, cycling and walking	1. Information 2. Service card 3. Free public transport card.	Group 1 received standardized information package: information about PT use, city map with PT-lines, PT route network plan, PT fare information; Group 2 received a service card for requesting further support in organizing daily mobility + a one week free PT test ticket; Group 3 received standardized information package + a service card for requesting further support in organizing daily mobility.	Intervention type 1 with standardized information basically motivated car drivers to walk and reduced PT use. Intervention type 2 with a service card and free ticket motivated people to use more frequently PT instead of walking. The combination of standardized information and service card (intervention type 3) enticed car drivers to use PT and to cycle. The motor vehicle modal share was 28.3% in the control group compared to 19.7% in the experimental group 3.	Bamberg, S., & Farrokhikhiavi, R. (2009). Breaking Habitualised Car Use with a ‘Soft-policy’ Measure? Effects of a Dialogue Marketing Campaign on New Citizens’ Daily Mobility. In European Transport Conference, 2009.
St. Paul	Households	Shift from car to walking and cycling	1. Personalised information 2. Free events 3. Walking packet 4. Biking packet	The Smart Trips Summit-U program: 1. Events: organized bicycle rides, walks and classes 2. Walking packet: pedometer, the Midway and Summit-U maps, the events calendar and tracking cards to keep track of steps walked 3. Biking packet: Twin Cities Bike Map, the Midway and Summit-U maps, the events calendar, tracking cards, a reflective leg band and information on sharing the road, taking bicycles on transit and the Bike2Benefits program 4. Various incentives to residents to submit their order forms: free reusable shopping bag, neighbourhood coupon book.	Smart Trips Summit-U increased biking and walking trips in the neighborhood by 33%, when compared to the control neighborhood. These additional biking and walking trips account for a reduction of approximately 153 vehicle miles per day or 2,289,000 vehicle miles per year. Vehicle miles traveled (VMT) decreased in the neighborhood by 20%, however, when compared with the control neighborhood, no VMT reductions can be directly attributed to the Smart Trips Summit-U program. This phenomenon is likely due to the spike in gas prices that occurred during the program period. The strength of the program in these circumstances is that while the general population drove less in the summer of 2008, Summit-U residents actually shifted their driving trips to walking and biking, while those not exposed to the program did not.	Baum, L. (2008). Smart trips summit-U: An individualized marketing approach to changing travel behavior. TDM Review, (4), pp 7-10.
Central London, UK	Car drivers	Shift from conventionally fueled vehicle to low emission vehicle	1. Discount	Discount on London’s congestion charge for low emission vehicles.	The proportional rise of Greener Vehicles Discount eligible vehicles seen per day due to the introduction of the Greener Vehicle Discount is around 256 / 900 = 28%. The number of low emission vehicles using the zone increased.	Clowes, J. (2013). Supporting Uptake of Low Emission Vehicles through Discounts on the Central London Congestion Charge. In European Transport Conference 2013.
Milton, Canada	Car users	Shift from car use to transit	1. Free public transport 2. Positive messages and slogans	Fare-Free Transit Program offered free rides between 9:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m.	Fare-Free Transit Program was successful for increasing ridership during non-peak travel periods. During the Fare-Free period, average monthly ridership increased by 66% compared to 2006 levels. Adjusting for expected growth, nearly 3,800 rides per month, or 42% more riders, were attributed to the Fare-Free Transit Program.	D'Alessandro, A., & Des, M. E. (2008). Fare-Free Transit–A Strategy for Sustainable Transportation. In 2008 Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada..
Brussels, Belgium	Students	Increase public tranport use	1. Free public transport	Free public transport initiative for students younger than 26 at Flemish colleges and universities in Brussels. they can obtain a repayment of the season ticket on the public transport.	Almost half (46.79%) of the students of Flemish universities and colleges in Brussels applied for the refunded (STIB) annual season ticket. The majority of students indicate that they use Brussels’ public transport more than the previous year, when they had no “free” access. 66% of the selected students admit that they sometimes choose public transport over car use, because the first alternative is cheaper. On a weekly basis, this substitution effect results in a decrease of on average 82.4 km per student.	De Witte, A., Macharis, C., Lannoy, P., Polain, C., Steenberghen, T., & Van de Walle, S. (2006). The impact of “free” public transport: the case of Brussels. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 40(8), 671-689.
Flanders, Belgium	Employees	Shift from car use to cycling	1. Competition 2. Loyalty program 3. Rewards 4. Information.	Bike to Work: cyclists are rewarded’: two cycling contests with lottery for teams that reached the goal, an online loyalty program based on earning ‘cycling points’ that could be turned into gift voucher, concert tickets, etc. and the dissemination of information through folders, newsletters, posters and a website.	Half of the employees said to be motivated by the possibility to earn cycling points. A higher score of commuter cycling was found among the employees aware of the program. Employees gave a positive evaluation of the intervention	Dubuy, V., et al. (2013). Evaluation of a workplace intervention to promote commuter cycling: A RE-AIM analysis. BMC public health, 13(1), 587 .
Europe	Students	Postpone car ownership	1. Information	Group 1: control group; Group 2 received information on the financial costs of automobile use; Group 3 received information on the risks of traffic accidents; Group 4 received information about stress due to traffic congestion that might be experienced during leisure trips; Group 5 received information about the costs, risks, and stress associated with automobile use.	Proportion of license holders in the control group (69.0%) was higher than that of the experimental group (42.6%). No differences were found between the different experimental subgroups.	Fujii, S. (2007). Communication with non-drivers for promoting long-term pro-environmental travel behaviour. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 12(2), 99-102.
University of California, LA	Car users	Shift from car to transit	1. Free public transport pass 2. Discount	Participants received a free commuter transit pass and had to agree to turn in their parking permit. At the end of the 3-month trial, employees could regain their parking allocation or elect alternative transportation. Regular bus riders then received a transit fare subsidy of 50% .	At the end of the 3-month period, only 30% of the men and women who enrolled decided to return to drive-alone commuting. The analysis found few differences between men and women. However, the women who chose to participate in the transit experiment in the first place had distinct characteristics: they had fewer children at home, were from select age groups, and had smaller households.	Gould, J., & Zhou, J. (2011). A commitment to continue? Comparing women and men commuters who choose transit over driving alone. In Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2, No. 46).
Los Angeles (USA)	Car users	Reduce peak hour traffic	1. Rewards	Smartrek is a mobile traffic app that predicts future traffic conditions, applies a proprietary routing algorithm to find time-dependent shortest paths for different departure times, and, based on user request, provides automobile travellers with multiple departure times and route choices. Each of these travel choices are assigned points values, with higher points (and thus more valuable rewards) available for travelling during off-peak times and less congested routes, and lower points available for peak traffic travel times.	Significant travel behaviour changes were observed: users were found to be willing to change both departure time and route choice for as many as 35% of their trips.	Hu, X., Chiu, Y., & Zhu, L. (2015). Behavior insights for an incentive-based active demand management platform. International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology, 4(2), pp 119-133.
San Francisco Bay area, usa	Students	Shift from car use to other modes	1. Feedback 2. Competition	Quantified Traveller (QT) is a Computational Travel Feedback System whereby travellers record travel in diaries, receive personalized feedback on time, money, calories and CO2 spent while traveling and can make social comparisons.	Frequent drivers showed greater reductions in driving both in terms of magnitude (120 km) and percentage (37%). Frequent drivers also showed an average increase in walking of 5 km (42% higher than pre treatment), albeit this had a lower statistical significance.	Jariyasunant, J., Abou-Zeid, M., Carrel, A., Ekambaram, V., Gaker, D., Sengupta, R., & Walker, J. (2013). Quantified Traveler: Travel Feedback Meets the Cloud to Change Travel Behavior (No. UCTC-FR-2013-06).
A12 motorway, The Netherlands	Car users	Reduce peak hour traffic	1. Money 2. Credits	Participants choase one of two types of reward: 1. Five euros for each morning rush-hour that the participant avoided or 2. credits that, when a sufficient number were earned, allowed keeping the “Yeti” smartphone at the end of the trial .	The results indicate that a reward can be used as an effective policy instrument. The participant’s behaviour implies that the shadow prices of schedule delay are close to constant over time, a finding which is in line with the classic assumptions in the literature. Preferences for different departure times for car trips within the rush-hour are found to be correlated. This indicates that shifting departure time is likely to be a more important behavioural response to policies for congestion relief than a modal shift or teleworking.	Knockaert, J., Tseng, Y. Y., Verhoef, E. T., & Rouwendal, J. (2012). The Spitsmijden experiment: A reward to battle congestion. Transport Policy, 24, 260-272.
Mawson Lakes campus, Australia	Employees and students	Reduce car use	1. Coaching	Part of TravelSmart: Travel coaching: interpersonal dialogue that explores options for using various transport alternatives and establishes a mentoring relationship to maintain ongoing contact with the participant.	It was very difficult to involve participants for the travel coaching process. 84% of participants could articulate an action they desired for reducing car use.	Koth, B. A. (2011). Travel Coaching: Commuter Evaluations of Behaviour Change Dialogue Sessions. In Australasian Transport Research Forum (ATRF), 34th, 2011, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (Vol. 34, No. 0254).
University of Cagliari, Italy	Students	Reduce car use	1. Feedback 2 Personalized information 3. Information 4. Competion	1: "Cap and Save": determination of weekly/annual emissions i.e. cap and the corresponding remuneration i.e. save 2: Activity Locator: device for daily individual activity travel patterns collection.	50% of the survey participants reduced the kilometers travelled by a small percentage (-6%), howver the number of participants was really small. 30% achieved the proposed target (-20%).	Meloni, I., Spissu, E., & Bhat, C. (2011). The effect of personal cap-and-trade mileage policies on individual activity-travel patterns: The Activity Locator project. Transportation Letters, 3(4), 293-307.
US, California	Car users	Shift from car to train	1. Information	Changeable Message Signs displaying the travel time comparison between the train and driving when transit has an advantage	Small percentage of respondents said they had changed modes to transit due to travel time information during pilot. A larger percentage indicated they would consider switching modes in the future. Percentage of potential switchers depends on amount of travel time saved (about 3% till 5 minutes, about 15% till 15 minutes, and about 25% for larger travel time savings) .	Mortazavi, A., Singa, K., Pan, X., McDonald, T., Jin, E. J., & Odioso, M. (2011). Effect of Real Time Information on Commuter Travel Mode. In Transportation Research Board 90th Annual Meeting (No. 11-3097).
Texas	Car users	Reduce car use	1. Discount	Pay As You Drive” (PAYD) insurance program in which the cost of auto insurance would vary based on mileage driven rather than being a fixed annual or semi-annual amount: monetary incentive/ cash discount on insurance premium, insight in own driving behaviour.	The PAYD program decreased miles driven for participants by an average of 5%, or 560 miles per year.	Reese, C. A., & Pash-Brimmer, A. (2009). North Central Texas pay-as-you-drive insurance pilot program. In Proceedings of the Transportation, Land Use, Planning and Air Quality Conference, Denver.
Berkeley, California (USA)	Car users	Shift from car use to other modes	1. Personalized information	Break the Mode program: a garage party that provided information on travel and parking alternatives, a follow-up meeting where customized trip plans were provided.	Although the sample size was small (60 individuals), the findings showed that 11 individuals requested personalized trip assistance and 5 changed modes using free BearPass.	Riggs, W. (2015). Testing personalized outreach as an effective TDM measure. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 78, 178-186.
Oakland, California (USA)	Car users	Shift from car use to parking	1. Information	Smart parking system: displaying parking availability information to motorists on a commute corridor; advanced en-route reservation of a parking space.	Increase in use of parking at Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) (30.8%) and reductions in drive alone (55.9%), reductions in car pooling (16.8%) and bus modes (6.6%), increased driving to BART station (14.3%), decreased average commute time, reduction total Vehicle Miles Travelled.	Rodier, C. J., & Shaheen, S. A. (2010). Transit-based smart parking: An evaluation of the San Francisco Bay area field test. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 18(2), 225-233.
Wake County, Durham County, and Orange County (North Carolina, USA)	Students	Reconsider choice of residential location to one offering a sustainable travel mode	1. Information	“Smart Moves Apartment Finder” map: bundled housing and accessibility information showing transit routes and apartment complex locations, shopping centre locations, and main campus destinations, and bicycle and pedestrian facilities	The average student at NCSU travelled between 4.2 and 6.2 fewer miles per day by single occupancy vehicle when accessing the university campus as a result of being exposed to the bundled housing and accessibility information, the average student selected a residence closer to the campus and had more transit stops located within a half mile of their residence. Foreign students and those who were previously familiar with transit that used the bundled housing and accessibility information travelled fewer miles than those who did not.	Rodriguez, D. A. (2010). The Effect of Bundled Housing and Accessibility Information on Residential Location Choice and Travel Behavior: An Experimental Study. In Transportation Research Board 89th Annual Meeting (No. 10-2857).
Victoria, Australia	Employees	Shift from car use to cycling	1. Rewards 2. Events	Ride to Work day event: free breakfast, prize draws and entertainment in the city/town centre.	About one in five of those participating in the event were riding to work for the first time. More than one in four (27%) of those who rode to work for the first time as part of the event were still riding to work five months after the event. Over 80% of first-timers indicated that the event had a positive impact on their readiness to ride to work with 57% indicating that it influenced their decision to ride. The event was found to have a greater impact on influencing behaviour change for female than male riders.	Rose, G., & Marfurt, H. (2007). Travel behaviour change impacts of a major ride to work day event. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 41(4), 351-364.
Cagliari, Italy	Car users	Promotion of a light rail service	1. Personalized information 2. Information	Voluntary Travel Behaviour Change (VTBC) program for promoting a light rail service: 1. Personalized Travel Planning (PTP): each participant received a plan tailored to his/her specific needs to encourage inclusion of the light rail (Park & Ride) in his/her daily tour, feedback on personal weekly car use, trip duration, kilometres travelled per mode and CO2 emitted, information about costs and benefits related to actual travel modes compared to the cost of traveling by car alone and 2. Public Transport Information and Marketing (PTIM): general information about the light rail service (stops, schedule, fares, etc.).	Out of the 130 volunteers who participated in the program, 27% (35 individuals) stated they had changed their travel behavior, switching to the light rail. As further confirmation, a survey conducted by the public transport agency, during the first months of 2013 (one year after the program), revealed that the number of light rail passengers had increased by 30%. Since no improvements or promotional activities had been undertaken in the meantime by the PT agency, this result can be considered to be at least in part a consequence of the VTBC program proposed in this work. The PTP program presented in this work by itself shows that 30% of the participants started to use the light rail during the second survey week, this percentage increasing to 36% over the next three months.	Sanjust, B., Meloni, I., & Spissu, E. (2015). An impact assessment of a travel behavior change program: A case study of a light rail service in Cagliari, Italy. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 3(1), 12-22.
Victoria, Canada	Car users	Shift from car use to public transport	1. Free public transport pass 2. Training	Group 1: a control group that received no group transit training or free bus pass, Group 2: a group receiving group transit training including printed bus schedules and flyer on the how to use public transport, and 3) a group receiving group transit training including printed bus schedules and flyer on the how to use public transport + a free bus pass.	No differences were found between groups in days or miles driven per week when comparing self-reported data prior to and 3 months following the intervention. However, there was a difference in self-reported bus use across groups; both groups who received group transit training used the bus more frequently, X2 (2) = 10.89, p < .01.	Stepaniuk, J. A., Tuokko, H., McGee, P., Garrett, D. D., & Benner, E. L. (2008). Impact of transit training and free bus pass on public transportation use by older drivers. Preventive medicine, 47(3), 335-337.
UK	Employees	Increase cycling	1. Discount	Cycle to work scheme: Employees got a discount on the cost of a new bicycle. In addition, they agreed to use the new bicycle to commute to work at least some of the time.	57% of scheme participants said the financial saving was the primary reason for joining the scheme. Since the introduction of the scheme cycling levels increased; the scheme was accompanied by improvements to the cycling infrastructure.	Steven, F. and Avineri, E. (2011) Has the introduction of the cycle to work scheme increased levels of cycling to work? In: 43rd Universities Transport Study Group Conference, Milton Keynes, UK, 5th-7th January, 2011.
Tsukuba, Japan,	Students	Reconsider choice of residential location to one offering a sustainable travel mode	1. Information	Group 1 (n=37) : control group; Group 2 (n=18) : the common information group received an information brochure about apartment flats Group 3 (n=34) : the cognitive information group received an information brochure about apartment flats + information about the level of bus service for every flat; Group 4 (n=20) : the motivational information group received an information brochure about apartment flats + information about the level of bus service for every flat + a leaflet that provided motivation for PTOR choice.	Residential places were investigated 5 months after the interventions. The cognitive information group (32.4%) was twice as likely as the control group (13.5%) to live within a 3-min walk to a bus stop, a significant difference. The motivational information group (45.0%) was three times more likely than the control group (13.5%) to live within a 3-min walk to a bus stop.	Taniguchi, A., Fujii, S., Azami, T., & Ishida, H. (2012). Persuasive communication aimed at public transportation-oriented residential choice and the promotion of public transport. Transportation, 41(1), 75-89.
Värmland, Sweden	Car users	Shift from car to public transport	1. Free public transport pass	Participants received a free monthly travel card valid on PT for four weeks and had to agree to use PT between home and work at least three times a week.	49% of the participants lived up to their travel change goals.	Taniguchi, A., Grääs, C., & Friman, M. (2014). Satisfaction with travel, goal achievement, and voluntary behavioral change. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, 26, 10-17.
Copenhagen Area, Denmark	Car users	Shift from car use to public transport	1. Free public transport pass 2. Personalised information 3. Planning exercise	Group 1a: a planning exercise; Group 1b: planning exercise + a free month travel card; Group 2a: a customized timetable; Group 2b: customized timetable plus a free month travel card; Group 2c: free month travel card.	The free month travel card led to a doubling of the use of public transportation in the experiment group and a positive effect remained half a year after the intervention. It is an increase from a very low level: from 5% of the commuting trips to 10% in the short term and 7% in the longer term.	Thøgersen, J. (2009). Promoting public transport as a subscription service: Effects of a free month travel card. Transport Policy, 16(6), 335-343.
Nagoya (Japan) Metropolitan Area	Employees	Shift from car use to public transport, cycling and walking	1. Feedback 2. Goal setting 3. Instruction	Personalized Integrated Travel Assistance System consisting of three sub-systems that support effective and efficient implementation of mobility management.	Car use decreased by 23.1% without system, 17.2% with system, and 20.1% overall. Travel on foot and by bicycle, however, increased by 82.2 %, while public transportation increased by 103%.	Usui, T., Miwa, T., Yamamoto, T., & Morikawa, T. (2008). Development and validation of internet-based personalized travel assistance system for mobility management. In 15th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems and ITS America's 2008 Annual Meeting, at New York, NY.
Sydney, Australia	Students	Increase walking to and from school	1. Instruction 2. Information 3. Event	Multi-component intervention to increase walking to and from school: classroom learning, monthly newsletters for parents, information for students, parents and teachers on preparation for secondary school, podometer-based walking activities, and resources on climate change and the comparative costs of active travel and driving a car.	The percentage of students who walked to and from school increased in both the intervention and control schools. Data from parent surveys found that 28.8% of students in the intervention group increased their walking, compared with 19% in the control group (a net increase of 9.8%, p = 0.05). However this effect was not evident in the student data.	Wen, L. M., Fry, D., Merom, D., Rissel, C., Dirkis, H., & Balafas, A. (2008). Increasing active travel to school: are we on the right track? A cluster randomised controlled trial from Sydney, Australia. Preventive Medicine, 47(6), 612-618.
Western Adelaide, South Australia	Households	Change travel behaviour	1. Information 2. Rewards.	TravelSmart project: four informative tools to assist participants to change their travel behaviour: 1. Journey Plan: individually tailored journey plan for public transport, cycling or walking trip 2. Walking and Cycling Map to show walking and cycling opportunities 3. Affirmation Letter to praise people for past reduction of KMs 4. Local Activity Guide that gave local information on activities including shops, services, clubs etc..	The Cycling and Walking Map appeared to be the most effective tool, and encouraged people to walk more. The other three tools, Journey Plan, Affirmation Letter and Local Activity Guide, together appeared less effective in changing travel behaviour. In addition, the most useful feature participants cited in the survey was providing them with information about driving alternatives and locations of nearby facilities.	Zhang, Y., Stopher, P., & Halling, B. (2009). An evaluation of TravelSmart tools for travel behaviour change. In Australasian Transport Research Forum (ATRF), 32nd, 2009, Auckland, New Zealand (Vol. 32).
Los Angeles, USA	Employees	Shift from car use to public transport	1. Free public trasnport pass 2. Discount	Dump the Pump program: 12-week free transit pass and a discounted transit pass after the free trial as long as the employee drivers continued buying transit passes.	By one-year after the program’s introduction, the Dump the Pump program attracted 33% more transit riders to the system. 720 full-time employees holding a parking permit for a UCLA parking lot participated in the program. Drivers were more likely to try the program under conditions in which (1) gas prices were relatively high and (2) the travel time difference between driving and transit was relatively low. After trying transit, participants remained on transit longer if they had no children, were unresponsive to lower gas prices, and had a bus schedule that matched their travel needs.	Zhou, J., & Schweitzer, L. (2011). Getting drivers to switch: transit price and service quality among commuters. Journal of Urban Planning and Development.
Stanford, USA	Car users	Reduce peak hour traffic	1. Gamification 2. Rewards 3. Competition.	CAPRI (Congestion And Parking Relief Incentives) rewards commuters who drive during off-peak hours and those who walk or cycle to work. 1: Earning points for the “good trips” and redeem points for cash in a fun, online game 2: Personalized offers 3: Seeing performance of friends 4: Status levels 5: Lottery tickets for high-profile sports event	CAPRI participants avoided peak hours: morning 30.1% less and afternoon 21.2% less than others. Self-declared shifters shift to just outside peak hours. Self-declared non-shifters already travelled far away from peak hours. Earning rewards has a positive effect on shifting behaviour. Seeing friends winning rewards has a smaller positive effect. Lottery to win sports tickets increased the CAPRI population considerably.	Zhu, C., Yue, J. S., Mandayam, C. V., Merugu, D., Abadi, H. K., & Prabhakar, B. (2015). Reducing road congestion through incentives: a case study. In Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting (No. 15-0403).
Worldwide	Employees	Reduce car use	1. Feedback 2. Rewards 3. Competition	App: Changers. A mobile app that supports companies to encourage employees to seek more sustainable modes of transport in a gamified manner. The app measures and informs the user of every sustainable travelled kilometre and calculates the user’s carbon footprint. Those who travel by bike, by foot, or by public transport receive bonus points. Teams (e.g., departments) can engage in a friendly competition and be rewarded with redeeming points.	24.822 people from 116 countries and active in 1.270 cities have been using the app. Changers developers report that, to this date, people have saved more than 1 million kg of CO2 when using their app.	http://www.changers.com/en/
Worldwide	Car users	Reduce car use	1. Feedback 2. Rewards 3. Competition	App: Commute Greener. A Facebook app that encourages citizens to improve their commuting patterns into more sustainable modes of transport by means of incentives.	Commute Greener developers report some key achievements when employing their app onto 50.000 participants, such as a reduction of 720 thousand in CO2 emission and 37 million kilometres travelled by public transportation.